行業資訊
云南污染減排 提升經濟發展質量
過去5年,我省(sheng)環保事(shi)業(ye)成(cheng)績斐然。
省(sheng)委(wei)、省(sheng)政府始(shi)終(zhong)把節(jie)能減(jian)(jian)排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)作為(wei)實踐科學發展觀的(de)(de)具(ju)體體現,作為(wei)轉變經(jing)濟發展方式、調整經(jing)濟結構的(de)(de)重要抓(zhua)手,采(cai)取了(le)一系(xi)列措施,深入推(tui)進主要污(wu)染物(wu)排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)放(fang)總(zong)量(liang)(liang)控制,形成(cheng)了(le)全(quan)社(she)會共同參(can)與減(jian)(jian)排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)的(de)(de)良好(hao)氛圍(wei),污(wu)染減(jian)(jian)排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)成(cheng)效(xiao)顯著(zhu)。5年(nian)來,全(quan)省(sheng)累計(ji)完成(cheng)235個化學需氧(yang)(yang)量(liang)(liang)減(jian)(jian)排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)項目(mu),削(xue)減(jian)(jian)化學需氧(yang)(yang)量(liang)(liang)8.22萬噸;完成(cheng)477個二(er)氧(yang)(yang)化硫(liu)減(jian)(jian)排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)項目(mu),削(xue)減(jian)(jian)二(er)氧(yang)(yang)化硫(liu)25.22萬噸。經(jing)國家核(he)定,2010年(nian)我省(sheng)化學需氧(yang)(yang)量(liang)(liang)較(jiao)(jiao)2005年(nian)削(xue)減(jian)(jian)5.76%,完成(cheng)“十一五”減(jian)(jian)排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)目(mu)標任務的(de)(de)117.6%,削(xue)減(jian)(jian)比例(li)在全(quan)國排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)名(ming)(ming)第(di)12位(wei),西(xi)部(bu)地區(qu)的(de)(de)第(di)二(er)名(ming)(ming),西(xi)南地區(qu)第(di)一;二(er)氧(yang)(yang)化硫(liu)較(jiao)(jiao)2005年(nian)削(xue)減(jian)(jian)4.08%,完成(cheng)“十一五”減(jian)(jian)排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)目(mu)標任務的(de)(de)102%。兩項污(wu)染減(jian)(jian)排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)指標都超額完成(cheng)了(le)國家下達的(de)(de)4.9%和4%的(de)(de)目(mu)標任務。
重點突破
“十(shi)一五”污染(ran)減排成效顯著(zhu)
省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)第八(ba)次黨代會確(que)立(li)了(le)(le)(le)生態立(li)省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)、環境優先的發(fa)展(zhan)戰略,先后(hou)啟(qi)動實施了(le)(le)(le)“七彩云(yun)(yun)南(nan)(nan)保護(hu)行(xing)動”、“滇西北生物多(duo)樣性(xing)保護(hu)”、“節能(neng)減(jian)排•云(yun)(yun)南(nan)(nan)在行(xing)動”等系列(lie)行(xing)動,加(jia)大滇池及九大高(gao)原湖泊(bo)水(shui)污染防(fang)治,全面推進各個領域的污染減(jian)排工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)。成(cheng)立(li)了(le)(le)(le)由省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)秦光(guang)榮(rong)任(ren)組(zu)長(chang)的云(yun)(yun)南(nan)(nan)省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)節能(neng)減(jian)排工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)領導小組(zu)。各州(zhou)(市)成(cheng)立(li)了(le)(le)(le)相應的領導機(ji)構(gou)和(he)總量減(jian)排機(ji)構(gou),形成(cheng)了(le)(le)(le)一級抓一級、層層抓落實的責(ze)任(ren)落實機(ji)制。我省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)先后(hou)出臺了(le)(le)(le)《云(yun)(yun)南(nan)(nan)省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)人民(min)政(zheng)府關于進一步加(jia)強節能(neng)減(jian)排工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)的若干(gan)意(yi)見》、《云(yun)(yun)南(nan)(nan)省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)“十一五(wu)”主(zhu)要污染物總量減(jian)排工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)考核辦法》、《云(yun)(yun)南(nan)(nan)省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)節能(neng)減(jian)排綜合性(xing)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)方案和(he)云(yun)(yun)南(nan)(nan)省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)節能(neng)減(jian)排工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)任(ren)務分解方案》、《云(yun)(yun)南(nan)(nan)省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)人民(min)政(zheng)府關于加(jia)快城鎮污水(shui)生活垃圾處理設(she)施建設(she)和(he)加(jia)強運(yun)營管理工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)的意(yi)見》、《關于全面推行(xing)環境保護(hu)“一崗雙責(ze)”制度(du)的決定》等一系列(lie)重要政(zheng)策(ce)和(he)文(wen)件,全面實施了(le)(le)(le)燃煤發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)組(zu)脫硫電(dian)(dian)價、提(ti)高(gao)污水(shui)處理費和(he)排污費征收標準(zhun)等經濟政(zheng)策(ce),對污染減(jian)排工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)起到(dao)了(le)(le)(le)有力的支撐作(zuo)用。初步形成(cheng)了(le)(le)(le)政(zheng)府主(zhu)導、部(bu)門協作(zuo)、全民(min)參(can)與的環境保護(hu)機(ji)制。
國家(jia)確定我省“十一(yi)五”主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)污(wu)(wu)(wu)染物(wu)(wu)總(zong)量(liang)控制(zhi)目(mu)標(biao)(biao)是(shi):到2010年度(du),全省化學需氧(yang)量(liang)(COD)要(yao)(yao)在(zai)2005年的(de)基(ji)礎(chu)上削(xue)減(jian)4.9%,由(you)28.5萬(wan)噸減(jian)少到27.1萬(wan)噸;二(er)氧(yang)化硫(liu)(SO)要(yao)(yao)在(zai)2005年的(de)基(ji)礎(chu)上削(xue)減(jian)4%,由(you)52.2萬(wan)噸減(jian)少到50.1萬(wan)噸。省政府與國家(jia)簽訂目(mu)標(biao)(biao)責任書后(hou),對(dui)(dui)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)污(wu)(wu)(wu)染物(wu)(wu)總(zong)量(liang)控制(zhi)指標(biao)(biao)任務(wu)進(jin)行了(le)(le)分解(jie),并(bing)(bing)以(yi)目(mu)標(biao)(biao)責任書的(de)形式將減(jian)排(pai)任務(wu)落實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)到各州(zhou)(zhou)(市)和各重點企(qi)業(ye);相繼出(chu)臺了(le)(le)“十一(yi)五”主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)污(wu)(wu)(wu)染物(wu)(wu)總(zong)量(liang)減(jian)排(pai)工作(zuo)考核辦法和環境保護“一(yi)崗雙責”制(zhi)度(du),把減(jian)排(pai)指標(biao)(biao)完成情況(kuang)納入各州(zhou)(zhou)(市)經濟社會發展(zhan)綜合(he)評價(jia)體(ti)系(xi),作(zuo)為政府主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)領導(dao)綜合(he)考核評價(jia)的(de)重要(yao)(yao)內(nei)容;對(dui)(dui)未(wei)完成任務(wu)州(zhou)(zhou)(市)的(de)建設項(xiang)目(mu)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)施(shi)“區域(yu)(yu)限(xian)(xian)批”,對(dui)(dui)相關(guan)企(qi)業(ye)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)施(shi)“企(qi)業(ye)限(xian)(xian)批”,并(bing)(bing)追究(jiu)相關(guan)責任人(ren)的(de)責任。我省多次對(dui)(dui)未(wei)按時完成的(de)減(jian)排(pai)項(xiang)目(mu)進(jin)行通報(bao),還先后(hou)對(dui)(dui)玉溪市實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)施(shi)了(le)(le)“區域(yu)(yu)限(xian)(xian)批”,對(dui)(dui)?江流(liu)域(yu)(yu)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)施(shi)了(le)(le)“流(liu)域(yu)(yu)限(xian)(xian)批”,對(dui)(dui)陸良銀河紙業(ye)有限(xian)(xian)公司實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)施(shi)了(le)(le)“企(qi)業(ye)限(xian)(xian)批”,同時,還對(dui)(dui)一(yi)大批涉及新增主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)污(wu)(wu)(wu)染物(wu)(wu)排(pai)放的(de)新建項(xiang)目(mu)不予或暫緩審(shen)批。
5年來(lai),全(quan)省累(lei)計(ji)出(chu)動環(huan)境(jing)監(jian)(jian)察人員(yuan)78568人(次(ci)),對(dui)各(ge)重(zhong)點(dian)企業(ye)和重(zhong)點(dian)減(jian)排(pai)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)的(de)現場監(jian)(jian)察做到了(le)縣級(ji)(ji)環(huan)保部門(men)(men)不(bu)(bu)少于每(mei)月一(yi)次(ci),州(市(shi))環(huan)保部門(men)(men)不(bu)(bu)少于每(mei)季度(du)一(yi)次(ci),省級(ji)(ji)環(huan)保部門(men)(men)抽查(cha)率不(bu)(bu)低(di)于60%。對(dui)部分重(zhong)點(dian)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)還(huan)派專人駐廠監(jian)(jian)督。各(ge)級(ji)(ji)環(huan)境(jing)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)站加大(da)了(le)監(jian)(jian)督性監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)頻(pin)次(ci),除對(dui)國控企業(ye)做到了(le)每(mei)季度(du)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)一(yi)次(ci)外,對(dui)部分重(zhong)點(dian)減(jian)排(pai)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)的(de)主要指標按月實(shi)施(shi)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)。同時,全(quan)省上下加大(da)了(le)對(dui)污(wu)染(ran)減(jian)排(pai)工(gong)作的(de)督查(cha),省政府督查(cha)室成立(li)后(hou)(hou)的(de)第一(yi)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)工(gong)作就是開展節能減(jian)排(pai)專項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)督查(cha),之(zhi)后(hou)(hou)每(mei)年均(jun)組織二次(ci)專項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)督查(cha)。省人大(da)、省政協(xie)和省級(ji)(ji)相關部門(men)(men)也(ye)多(duo)次(ci)開展污(wu)染(ran)減(jian)排(pai)檢查(cha)。
省財政每年(nian)安(an)排(pai)4000萬(wan)元的(de)污(wu)染減(jian)(jian)排(pai)專(zhuan)項資金,從(cong)2008年(nian)起,省政府決定在本(ben)屆(jie)政府任(ren)期(qi)內對所有(you)的(de)縣級以上城鎮實現生(sheng)活污(wu)水垃圾處(chu)理設施(shi)全(quan)覆蓋,并每年(nian)安(an)排(pai)5億元專(zhuan)項資金加大項目的(de)推進力度。“十一五”期(qi)間,全(quan)省在污(wu)染減(jian)(jian)排(pai)方面累(lei)計投入資金達374.27億元,為(wei)全(quan)省減(jian)(jian)排(pai)工作的(de)順利(li)開展(zhan)提(ti)供了有(you)力的(de)保障。
5年(nian)來,通過(guo)全(quan)面推進污染減排,環(huan)境質(zhi)量明顯改善。云南環(huan)境空(kong)氣質(zhi)量均呈(cheng)明顯好轉趨勢。大(da)氣中(zhong)(zhong)二(er)氧化硫、二(er)氧化氮、可(ke)吸(xi)入(ru)顆粒物年(nian)日均濃(nong)度(du)均呈(cheng)下降趨勢。全(quan)省的(de)16個州、市(shi)(shi)所(suo)在地城市(shi)(shi)環(huan)境空(kong)氣質(zhi)量達(da)到或優于二(er)級標(biao)準的(de)城市(shi)(shi)比例由2005年(nian)的(de)66.6%上(shang)(shang)升至2010年(nian)的(de)99.1%,上(shang)(shang)升了32.5%。其中(zhong)(zhong),昆明市(shi)(shi)環(huan)境空(kong)氣質(zhi)量達(da)到或優于二(er)級標(biao)準由2005年(nian)的(de)203天上(shang)(shang)升為2010年(nian)的(de)365天,成為名副其實的(de)“春城”。
讓(rang)當地(di)群(qun)眾喝上放心水(shui)(shui),是不可回避(bi)的一(yi)個民生(sheng)問題。“十(shi)一(yi)五(wu)”期間,云南地(di)水(shui)(shui)環(huan)境質(zhi)量逐年提(ti)高(gao)。地(di)表水(shui)(shui)達(da)標(biao)率由2005年62%提(ti)高(gao)到2010年的66.3%,上升(sheng)幅度為(wei)6.9%。147個監測(ce)斷(duan)(duan)面(mian)(mian)中(zhong),水(shui)(shui)質(zhi)達(da)到Ⅰ~Ⅲ類(lei)標(biao)準的斷(duan)(duan)面(mian)(mian)有89個,占全部監測(ce)斷(duan)(duan)面(mian)(mian)的61%,與2005年58%相比上升(sheng)了(le)3%,水(shui)(shui)質(zhi)中(zhong)COD、高(gao)錳酸鹽(yan)指數(shu)、生(sheng)化(hua)需氧量、氨氮平均濃(nong)度均有所下(xia)降(jiang)。特(te)別是跨(kua)省界斷(duan)(duan)面(mian)(mian)和跨(kua)國界斷(duan)(duan)面(mian)(mian)水(shui)(shui)質(zhi)狀況有明(ming)顯(xian)提(ti)高(gao)。
全面完(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)重(zhong)點工(gong)業(ye)減排(pai)(pai)任務(wu)。2009年(nian)10月底(di)前我(wo)省(sheng)200MW以上(shang)(shang)火電(dian)(dian)機組脫(tuo)(tuo)硫(liu)設(she)施(shi)全部建成(cheng)(cheng)投運,提前1年(nian)完(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)了(le)(le)(le)(le)火電(dian)(dian)行業(ye)的(de)重(zhong)點減排(pai)(pai)工(gong)程(cheng),同(tong)時,完(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)了(le)(le)(le)(le)火電(dian)(dian)企業(ye)脫(tuo)(tuo)硫(liu)設(she)施(shi)旁路煙(yan)道封(feng)堵和(he)封(feng)工(gong)作,其中(zhong),國(guo)電(dian)(dian)宣威(wei)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)有(you)限責任公司拆除了(le)(le)(le)(le)4×300MW機組脫(tuo)(tuo)硫(liu)設(she)施(shi)旁路煙(yan)道,為(wei)全國(guo)首創;完(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)了(le)(le)(le)(le)昆(kun)明鋼鐵(tie)股份(fen)有(you)限公司等(deng)4家(jia)(jia)鋼鐵(tie)企業(ye)的(de)8臺燒結機煙(yan)氣脫(tuo)(tuo)硫(liu)項目;對云南解化集團(tuan)有(you)限公司等(deng)50多家(jia)(jia)企業(ye)實(shi)施(shi)了(le)(le)(le)(le)工(gong)業(ye)鍋爐脫(tuo)(tuo)硫(liu)或工(gong)藝尾(wei)氣凈化及(ji)綜合(he)利用(yong)改(gai)造(zao);經多年(nian)探索和(he)研究(jiu),我(wo)省(sheng)制糖(tang)行業(ye)酒精(jing)廢(fei)醪液(ye)綜合(he)治理技術在(zai)2008年(nian)得到了(le)(le)(le)(le)環保部的(de)認可,全省(sheng)62家(jia)(jia)規模(mo)以上(shang)(shang)糖(tang)廠已全部按要求進行了(le)(le)(le)(le)改(gai)造(zao),實(shi)現(xian)了(le)(le)(le)(le)酒精(jing)廢(fei)醪液(ye)零排(pai)(pai)放。
城(cheng)鎮污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)廠建(jian)設取得突破(po)性進展。截(jie)至2005年底,全(quan)省(sheng)(sheng)僅在(zai)31個(ge)縣(市、區)建(jian)有37個(ge)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)廠,污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)能(neng)力(li)(li)124.45萬(wan)噸/日(ri)。“十(shi)一五”期(qi)間,全(quan)省(sheng)(sheng)建(jian)成(cheng)(cheng)68個(ge)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)項目,新增(zeng)(zeng)截(jie)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)管網3979.3千米(mi),新增(zeng)(zeng)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)能(neng)力(li)(li)140.5萬(wan)噸/日(ri)。目前,全(quan)省(sheng)(sheng)已在(zai)67個(ge)縣(市、區)建(jian)成(cheng)(cheng)79個(ge)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)廠,污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)能(neng)力(li)(li)達264.95萬(wan)噸/日(ri)。城(cheng)鎮污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)率由2005年的39%提高(gao)到(dao)2010年的70%。已建(jian)成(cheng)(cheng)投運污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)廠的城(cheng)市全(quan)部開征了污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)費。
淘汰(tai)落后(hou)產(chan)(chan)(chan)能任(ren)務(wu)全面完成。我(wo)省2007年(nian)至2008年(nian)關停小火(huo)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)共928MW,提(ti)前兩(liang)年(nian)半在全國率先(xian)完成了(le)(le)100MW以下小火(huo)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)的(de)淘汰(tai)任(ren)務(wu),2010年(nian)7月,對云(yun)南滇能彌(mi)勒(le)發電(dian)有限公司135MW機(ji)(ji)組(zu)提(ti)前實(shi)施了(le)(le)關停。“十(shi)一五”期(qi)間,全省累計淘汰(tai)落后(hou)產(chan)(chan)(chan)能煉(lian)558.3萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)噸(dun)(dun)(dun)、煉(lian)鋼191萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)噸(dun)(dun)(dun)、水泥(ni)2589萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)噸(dun)(dun)(dun)、焦炭1240萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)噸(dun)(dun)(dun)、鐵合金57萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)噸(dun)(dun)(dun)、造紙7.73萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)噸(dun)(dun)(dun)、酒精(jing)0.5萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)噸(dun)(dun)(dun)、檸檬酸(suan)1.4萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)噸(dun)(dun)(dun)、電(dian)解鋁1.5萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)噸(dun)(dun)(dun)、銅冶(ye)煉(lian)7.44萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)噸(dun)(dun)(dun)、鋅冶(ye)煉(lian)0.8萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)噸(dun)(dun)(dun)、鉛(qian)冶(ye)煉(lian)7萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)噸(dun)(dun)(dun)、電(dian)石(shi)17.91萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)噸(dun)(dun)(dun)、黃磷22萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)噸(dun)(dun)(dun)、重(zhong)鉻酸(suan)鈉和硫酸(suan)2.25萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)噸(dun)(dun)(dun),超額(e)完成“十(shi)一五”淘汰(tai)落后(hou)產(chan)(chan)(chan)能任(ren)務(wu),其中黃磷、重(zhong)鉻酸(suan)鈉和硫酸(suan)是我(wo)省自行增(zeng)加(jia)的(de)淘汰(tai)任(ren)務(wu)。
滇(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)全(quan)面提(ti)速,成(cheng)效(xiao)顯著。2008年(nian),國家對(dui)滇(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池“十一(yi)五(wu)”污(wu)染防治(zhi)(zhi)規劃(hua)批復以后,我(wo)省全(quan)面加快(kuai)了規劃(hua)的實(shi)施,截至(zhi)目(mu)前,65個(ge)規劃(hua)項目(mu)已完成(cheng)52個(ge),在建12個(ge),開展(zhan)前期工作(zuo)1個(ge)。滇(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池流(liu)(liu)域(yu)內(nei)污(wu)水處(chu)理(li)設(she)施建設(she)取得突(tu)破性進(jin)展(zhan),僅(jin)2009年(nian)一(yi)年(nian),通過對(dui)昆(kun)明(ming)市第(di)一(yi)、第(di)二、第(di)四污(wu)水處(chu)理(li)廠進(jin)行升(sheng)級(ji)改造,對(dui)第(di)三(san)、第(di)五(wu)、第(di)六(liu)污(wu)水處(chu)理(li)廠進(jin)行改擴建,新建第(di)七(qi)、第(di)八(ba)污(wu)水處(chu)理(li)廠,昆(kun)明(ming)市主城區(qu)污(wu)水處(chu)理(li)能力實(shi)現(xian)翻番(fan),由原(yuan)來的55.5萬(wan)噸(dun)/日(ri)躍升(sheng)到110.5萬(wan)噸(dun)/日(ri)。2010年(nian)滇(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池流(liu)(liu)域(yu)COD排放量為0.84萬(wan)噸(dun),完成(cheng)了“十一(yi)五(wu)”減排任務。
環保監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)督能(neng)力(li)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)和污染(ran)減排(pai)“三大體系”能(neng)力(li)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)上了一(yi)個(ge)大的臺階。“十一(yi)五”期間,在國家的大力(li)支持(chi)下,全省累計投入環保能(neng)力(li)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)資金約4.45億元,完(wan)成了1個(ge)省級(ji)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測站(zhan)(zhan)、16個(ge)州(市)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測站(zhan)(zhan)、46個(ge)縣級(ji)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測站(zhan)(zhan)和1個(ge)省級(ji)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)察機(ji)(ji)構(gou)、16個(ge)州(市)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)察支隊、全部(bu)129個(ge)縣級(ji)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)察大隊的裝備達標(biao)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)任(ren)(ren)(ren)務。重(zhong)點污染(ran)源監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)控系統基本(ben)建(jian)(jian)(jian)成,監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)管機(ji)(ji)構(gou)標(biao)準化水(shui)平明顯提(ti)高(gao),專業人員培(pei)訓力(li)度全面增強,環境(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)管能(neng)力(li)得到(dao)大幅度提(ti)升。初(chu)步形成環境(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)管能(neng)力(li)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)與環保重(zhong)點任(ren)(ren)(ren)務相互促進(jin)共同提(ti)高(gao)的態勢,為實(shi)現完(wan)成污染(ran)減排(pai)任(ren)(ren)(ren)務提(ti)供了有力(li)支撐(cheng)。
攻堅克難
全力推進“十二五”污染減(jian)排
“十二五”期間,我(wo)省(sheng)經(jing)濟(ji)社會(hui)面臨(lin)加(jia)快發(fa)展的重大(da)機遇,把云南建(jian)設成為我(wo)國面向西(xi)南開放橋頭(tou)堡戰(zhan)略、西(xi)部大(da)開發(fa)戰(zhan)略、“西(xi)電東送”和“云電外送”等一(yi)系列國家戰(zhan)略推(tui)(tui)進,全省(sheng)經(jing)濟(ji)將迎(ying)來一(yi)個全面、快速增長階段(duan)。為實現2020年與全國同步進入小康(kang)社會(hui)、主要污染物排放量(liang)得到有效控(kong)制(zhi)、生態(tai)環(huan)境(jing)質(zhi)量(liang)明顯(xian)改善的戰(zhan)略目標,我(wo)省(sheng)將繼(ji)續(xu)強化污染減排,加(jia)大(da)落后產(chan)能淘汰力度,促進經(jing)濟(ji)發(fa)展方(fang)式轉變,推(tui)(tui)動經(jing)濟(ji)與環(huan)境(jing)協調(diao)發(fa)展。
根據環保部《關于通報“十(shi)二(er)五”主(zhu)要(yao)污染(ran)(ran)物(wu)排放總(zong)量(liang)控制指標(biao)的函》要(yao)求,明確了(le)我省(sheng)“十(shi)二(er)五”主(zhu)要(yao)污染(ran)(ran)物(wu)總(zong)量(liang)控制目標(biao),到2015年,化(hua)學需(xu)氧(yang)(yang)量(liang)排放總(zong)量(liang)比2010年減少6.2%(其(qi)中工業(ye)加生活(huo)減少6.2%)、氨氮排放總(zong)量(liang)減少8.1%(其(qi)中工業(ye)加生活(huo)減少8.0%)、二(er)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)硫排放總(zong)量(liang)減少4.0%、氮氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)物(wu)排放總(zong)量(liang)減少5.8%。可(ke)見,“十(shi)二(er)五”期間,我省(sheng)減排任務比“十(shi)一五”更加艱巨,更加嚴峻。
加快推(tui)進污(wu)染(ran)減(jian)排,直接(jie)關(guan)(guan)系(xi)到(dao)“生態立(li)省、環(huan)境(jing)優先”的(de)發(fa)展(zhan)戰略能(neng)否(fou)順(shun)利推(tui)進,關(guan)(guan)系(xi)到(dao)一(yi)個地區的(de)科學發(fa)展(zhan)水平和(he)質量(liang)。對此,我省將以改善環(huan)境(jing)質量(liang)為立(li)足點,深入推(tui)進主要(yao)污(wu)染(ran)物排放總量(liang)控(kong)制,強化結構減(jian)排、細程減(jian)排、實(shi)施監管減(jian)排,明確主要(yao)污(wu)染(ran)物總量(liang)控(kong)制目(mu)標要(yao)求(qiu)、重點任務和(he)保障措施,加大投入、完善政策、落實(shi)責任,確保實(shi)現“十二五”污(wu)染(ran)減(jian)排目(mu)標。
減(jian)排既是(shi)一(yi)項(xiang)現(xian)實緊迫的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo),又(you)是(shi)一(yi)項(xiang)長期(qi)艱巨的(de)(de)任務,要(yao)實現(xian)目標(biao)任務,關鍵在(zai)(zai)于統一(yi)思想(xiang),加(jia)(jia)強(qiang)領導。要(yao)在(zai)(zai)“十(shi)一(yi)五(wu)”基礎上,進(jin)一(yi)步建(jian)(jian)立(li)健(jian)全減(jian)排工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)責任制(zhi)(zhi)和(he)問責制(zhi)(zhi),全面貫徹實施(shi)(shi)環境(jing)保護“一(yi)崗(gang)雙責”制(zhi)(zhi)度,把減(jian)排目標(biao)和(he)任務逐級分解(jie)到(dao)各州市(shi)(shi)和(he)重(zhong)點(dian)(dian)(dian)企業(ye)(ye)。加(jia)(jia)大投入(ru),全面實施(shi)(shi)重(zhong)點(dian)(dian)(dian)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)。推(tui)進(jin)重(zhong)點(dian)(dian)(dian)行(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)結(jie)(jie)構優化(hua)調整,嚴(yan)格(ge)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)新(xin)(xin)增量(liang)(liang)(liang),加(jia)(jia)快(kuai)水(shui)(shui)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)治(zhi)理(li)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)。工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)重(zhong)點(dian)(dian)(dian)行(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)物(wu)(wu)削減(jian)仍然是(shi)“十(shi)二五(wu)”總量(liang)(liang)(liang)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)重(zhong)點(dian)(dian)(dian)任務,應從源(yuan)頭減(jian)少污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)物(wu)(wu)新(xin)(xin)增量(liang)(liang)(liang),進(jin)一(yi)步加(jia)(jia)大治(zhi)理(li)力(li)(li)度,繼續加(jia)(jia)大工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)防治(zhi)力(li)(li)度,督促現(xian)有有色(se)、化(hua)工(gong)(gong)、制(zhi)(zhi)糖(tang)、造紙和(he)制(zhi)(zhi)膠等(deng)行(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)治(zhi)理(li)和(he)環境(jing)監管(guan)(guan)(guan);按要(yao)求建(jian)(jian)成投運(yun)(yun)(yun)城鎮污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)處(chu)理(li)廠,進(jin)一(yi)步提高(gao)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)處(chu)理(li)廠運(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)水(shui)(shui)平,完善配套(tao)管(guan)(guan)(guan)網系(xi)統,確保已建(jian)(jian)成污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)處(chu)理(li)廠正常運(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing);加(jia)(jia)強(qiang)農業(ye)(ye)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)源(yuan)治(zhi)理(li),實施(shi)(shi)畜禽養殖場(chang)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)治(zhi)理(li)項(xiang)目,削減(jian)農業(ye)(ye)化(hua)學(xue)需氧(yang)量(liang)(liang)(liang)和(he)氨(an)氮排放(fang)量(liang)(liang)(liang)。推(tui)進(jin)能(neng)源(yuan)結(jie)(jie)構持續優化(hua),嚴(yan)格(ge)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)新(xin)(xin)增量(liang)(liang)(liang),推(tui)進(jin)大氣(qi)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)物(wu)(wu)減(jian)排。繼續強(qiang)化(hua)產(chan)業(ye)(ye)結(jie)(jie)構調整及淘汰落后產(chan)能(neng)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo),對(dui)小(xiao)火電(dian)機組、有色(se)冶(ye)煉、鋼(gang)鐵等(deng)行(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)加(jia)(jia)大關停、淘汰力(li)(li)度;進(jin)一(yi)步加(jia)(jia)大產(chan)業(ye)(ye)結(jie)(jie)構調整要(yao)求,遏制(zhi)(zhi)高(gao)耗能(neng)、高(gao)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)產(chan)業(ye)(ye)過快(kuai)發展(zhan),嚴(yan)格(ge)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)物(wu)(wu)新(xin)(xin)增量(liang)(liang)(liang);推(tui)進(jin)電(dian)力(li)(li)行(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)和(he)機動車(che)氮氧(yang)化(hua)物(wu)(wu)排放(fang)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi),電(dian)力(li)(li)行(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)新(xin)(xin)建(jian)(jian)燃(ran)煤機組全部配套(tao)低(di)(di)氮燃(ran)燒技術(shu)并建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)脫(tuo)硫、脫(tuo)硝設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)施(shi)(shi),實施(shi)(shi)現(xian)役燃(ran)煤發電(dian)機組低(di)(di)氮燃(ran)燒技術(shu)項(xiang)目和(he)煙氣(qi)脫(tuo)硝項(xiang)目,并確保煙氣(qi)脫(tuo)硫和(he)脫(tuo)硝系(xi)統穩(wen)定運(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing),嚴(yan)格(ge)執(zhi)行(xing)(xing)國家機動車(che)強(qiang)制(zhi)(zhi)報廢(fei)制(zhi)(zhi)度,加(jia)(jia)速淘汰黃標(biao)車(che)。加(jia)(jia)大監督檢查執(zhi)法力(li)(li)度。重(zhong)點(dian)(dian)(dian)加(jia)(jia)強(qiang)煙氣(qi)脫(tuo)硫、脫(tuo)硝設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)施(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)運(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)監管(guan)(guan)(guan),強(qiang)化(hua)城市(shi)(shi)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)處(chu)理(li)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)施(shi)(shi)運(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)和(he)監督,確保治(zhi)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)施(shi)(shi)正常運(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)。每年組織開展(zhan)減(jian)排專項(xiang)檢查和(he)執(zhi)法行(xing)(xing)動,嚴(yan)肅查處(chu)各類違(wei)法違(wei)規行(xing)(xing)為(wei)。采取(qu)更(geng)為(wei)嚴(yan)格(ge)的(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)措施(shi)(shi),確保主(zhu)要(yao)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)物(wu)(wu)總量(liang)(liang)(liang)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)目標(biao)完成,為(wei)我省經濟又(you)好又(you)快(kuai)發展(zhan)作(zuo)(zuo)出更(geng)大貢獻。
名詞解釋
化學需氧量(COD)
化(hua)(hua)(hua)學需氧(yang)(yang)量(liang),簡稱(cheng)COD。是(shi)指利(li)用化(hua)(hua)(hua)學氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)劑(如重鉻酸鉀)將水(shui)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)還(huan)原性物質(zhi)(如有機(ji)(ji)物)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)分(fen)解所消耗的(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)量(liang),化(hua)(hua)(hua)學需氧(yang)(yang)量(liang)越大,說明水(shui)體(ti)受有機(ji)(ji)物的(de)(de)(de)污染越嚴重,是(shi)表示(shi)水(shui)質(zhi)污染程(cheng)度(du)的(de)(de)(de)重要綜合(he)指標(biao)之一。可(ke)導致水(shui)生生物缺氧(yang)(yang)以至死亡,水(shui)質(zhi)腐敗變臭(chou)。
COD主要來源于生活廢水、畜禽養殖及化工、食品、制藥、紡織、造紙、制糖、制膠等行業工業廢水。主要是提高城鎮生活污水處理率來控制削減生活污染源,其次是對化工、制藥、制糖、造紙、食品加工及畜禽養殖等行業的廢(fei)水(shui)進(jin)行處(chu)理和回用。
氨氮(NH-N)
氨氮(dan)是指水(shui)(shui)體中以非離(li)子(zi)(zi)氨和離(li)子(zi)(zi)氨形(xing)式存(cun)在(zai)的(de)(de)氮(dan)。是水(shui)(shui)體受到污染的(de)(de)標志,氨氮(dan)氧化分(fen)解(jie)消(xiao)耗水(shui)(shui)中的(de)(de)溶解(jie)氧,使水(shui)(shui)體發(fa)黑發(fa)臭。氨氮(dan)中的(de)(de)非離(li)子(zi)(zi)氨是引起水(shui)(shui)生生物毒(du)害的(de)(de)主要因子(zi)(zi)。氨氮(dan)分(fen)解(jie)生成(cheng)的(de)(de)亞硝胺,具有(you)致(zhi)癌和致(zhi)畸作(zuo)用。
氨氮主要來源于人和動物的排泄物,農業和工業也是氮的重要來源。主要是通過城市污水、農業面源、畜禽養殖以及化工、、食品加工等(deng)行(xing)業廢水排(pai)放。削減控制主要從三(san)(san)個方面開展:一是推(tui)進城鎮污(wu)水處(chu)理(li)(li)設施建設和升(sheng)級改造;二是加(jia)大(da)工業重點(dian)行(xing)業廢水污(wu)染(ran)治理(li)(li);三(san)(san)是推(tui)進畜禽養(yang)殖污(wu)染(ran)防治工作。
二氧化硫(SO)
二(er)(er)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)硫(liu)(liu)是(shi)大氣(qi)中最常見的(de)污(wu)染(ran)物(wu)(wu)之(zhi)一(yi)。它是(shi)無色、有(you)刺激性嗅覺(jue)的(de)氣(qi)體,性質(zhi)活潑,易溶(rong)于水。二(er)(er)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)硫(liu)(liu)對人的(de)呼吸(xi)器官和(he)眼膜(mo)具有(you)刺激作用,長期吸(xi)入二(er)(er)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)硫(liu)(liu)會發生(sheng)慢(man)性中毒,而且對肝(gan)、腎、心臟都(dou)有(you)危害。另(ling)外,對植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)、動物(wu)(wu)和(he)建(jian)筑物(wu)(wu)都(dou)有(you)危害并使土壤和(he)江河湖泊日(ri)趨酸化(hua)(hua),是(shi)我國(guo)酸雨的(de)主要成分(fen)。
二氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)硫主(zhu)要來源于(yu)含硫化(hua)石燃料如(ru)煤、礦(kuang)石和重油的(de)(de)(de)燃燒,城市環(huan)境(jing)空氣中的(de)(de)(de)二氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)硫主(zhu)要來自火力發電(dian)廠、工業(ye)鍋爐、金(jin)屬(shu)冶煉(lian)廠、生活取暖(nuan)等的(de)(de)(de)排(pai)放。目前主(zhu)要在火電(dian)、鋼鐵、有(you)色(se)冶煉(lian)等行(xing)業(ye)及生產生活燃煤鍋爐進行(xing)脫(tuo)硫設施建設,控制二氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)硫排(pai)放,同(tong)時(shi),加(jia)大產業(ye)結構調整,提高(gao)清(qing)潔能源的(de)(de)(de)使用,也是減少二氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)硫排(pai)放途徑。
氮氧化物(NOx)
氮(dan)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)物(wu)(wu)括(kuo)多種化(hua)(hua)合物(wu)(wu),主要(yao)是NO和NO。它們是常見的大氣(qi)污染物(wu)(wu),除二氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)氮(dan)以外,其他(ta)氮(dan)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)物(wu)(wu)均極(ji)不(bu)穩定。氮(dan)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)物(wu)(wu)與空氣(qi)中的水結(jie)合最終會轉化(hua)(hua)成硝(xiao)酸和硝(xiao)酸鹽,是酸雨的成因(yin)之一。它與其他(ta)污染物(wu)(wu)在一定條件(jian)下能產生光(guang)化(hua)(hua)學煙霧(wu)污染。
氮氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)物主要(yao)是(shi)由(you)火電站鍋(guo)爐、供熱鍋(guo)爐、工(gong)(gong)業窯爐等能(neng)源轉化(hua)(hua)、工(gong)(gong)業燃(ran)(ran)燒、生活取暖產(chan)生的(de),機動車(che)(che)尾氣排放(fang)也是(shi)氮氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)物的(de)另一大(da)污染源。控制(zhi)削減主要(yao)從(cong)三個方面開展:一是(shi)控制(zhi)燃(ran)(ran)煤電廠為主的(de)固定源。大(da)力推廣低(di)氮燃(ran)(ran)燒技術和實(shi)施煙氣脫(tuo)硝工(gong)(gong)程;二是(shi)控制(zhi)機動車(che)(che)源。嚴格執行機動車(che)(che)淘汰制(zhi)度,減少機動車(che)(che)排放(fang);三是(shi)加大(da)產(chan)業結構調(diao)整,淘汰落(luo)后工(gong)(gong)業窯爐。
(好展會網 )